Q. What place does Satan play in Jewish belief?

A. The word Satan figures in the Hebrew Bible, but not as a proper name. As a noun it denotes an adversary; as a denominative verb, to oppose or obstruct or be hostile. It is sometimes used in a human sense; in Psalm 109:6, for instance, it suggests the counsel for the prosecution in a court of law.

It does not begin to have a superhuman sense until late in the Biblical period; in Zechariah 3 and the Book of Job it is applied to the prosecutor in the heavenly court. But even in this sense, Satan is not a demon. At best, he is one of the celestial beings, but it may be that the word is merely a colourful metaphor and does not imply that there is any actual being with that name. Nor is Satan opposed to God. At worst, he is simply a devil's advocate drawing God's attention to things that appear to be wrong.

Kaufmann Kohler's theory, in his "Jewish Theology", chapter 31, is that just as the serpent in the creation story "represents the evil inclination which arises in man with his first consciousness of freedom", so Satan is an allegorical figure "representing the evil of the world, both physical and moral".

In post-Biblical Jewish sources there are very few references to Satan, and those that are found have no dogmatic or authoritative significance. Satan continues to represent the impersonal force of evil; thus, the Tosefta Shabbat advises that one should "not go on a journey with a wicked man, because Satan accompanies him". In Jewish liturgy the few references to Satan are all impersonal, for instance the evening prayer that God may remove the adversary "from before us and behind us", and the morning prayer for protection from "the destroying adversary".

Popular lore has a far stronger notion of Satan deriving from the New Testament. There he not only personifies the spirit of evil but assumes an independent personality hostile to Jesus and to God. As a result, Milton, writing in an age when people regarded Satan as the presiding demon in stark opposition to God, was able, at least in the first two or three books of "Paradise Lost", to draw a sympathetic picture of Satan and turn him into almost an epic hero. For Judaism, all this goes much too far.


IGNORING YOUR CHILD

Q. Recently I read "The Chosen" by Chaim Potok. Is it true that some Chassidic fathers deliberately ignore their children?

A. There are many types of Chassidim - some of them quite jolly, others rather sombre - but I am not certain that Potok is claiming this as a Chassidic practice, just that a certain fictional father acted in this way. He might have known a father of this kind, but readers should not generalise from a possibly lone example. The general Chassidic approach is quite different. They enjoy their children and their family life is warm and exciting - and parents and children certainly talk to one another. Some people who have no sympathy with Chassidism have the rather dangerous attitude that anything and everything can be blamed on Chassidim.


WOMEN IN THE MILITARY

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Shabbat Shalom!